Certified Fire Investigator Practice Exam

What does spalling refer to in construction materials?

1. Expansion of steel in concrete

2. Chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry

3. A process of heating concrete

4. Cracking due to temperature changes

The correct answer is: Chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry

Spalling refers specifically to the chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces. This phenomenon often occurs when moisture seeps into the material and then freezes, leading to internal pressure that causes pieces of the surface to break away. It can also happen due to freeze-thaw cycles, chemical reactions, or fire exposure. In the context of construction materials, spalling is significant because it can compromise the integrity and durability of structures. Recognizing and addressing spalling is essential for maintaining safety and structural soundness, especially in environments where materials are exposed to water or extreme temperatures. The other options discuss different issues related to construction materials but do not accurately define spalling. For example, expansion of steel in concrete pertains to thermal expansion but does not relate to the surface degradation that spalling describes. The process of heating concrete does not encompass the definition of spalling, nor does cracking due to temperature changes, which also speaks to different structural concerns. Understanding the distinct nature of spalling helps in identifying potential problems in construction and in taking corrective measures.